Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea Essay - 2118 Words

Plato and Lockes Views on an Innate Idea What is an innate idea? This can be defined as some idea or mental representation that is produced by outside perception or created anew by our imagination. It exists in the mind in virtue of the nature of the human mind. According to Plato most if not all of our knowledge is innate. However, John Locke feels that we do not have any innate ideas. Then the question arises of who is right or are they both wrong. In this paper I will attempt to examine the conflicting views of Plato and Locke. The problem that I will be dealing with involves the different views of Locke and Plato. The main focus of the paper will be to deal with†¦show more content†¦Like many others Meno believes he knows what the virtues are. However, Socrates is not pleased by Menos response to the question. Meno states that, it is easy to say that a mans virtue consists of being able to manage public affairs and in so doing to benefit his friends and harm his enemies and to be careful that no harm comes to himself. [Meno 71e] This is not pleasing to Socrates because Meno also finds that women have different virtues than a man. This topic alone would need an entire paper to finish therefore, I will move ahead with innate ideas of beings. Meno wants to know whether virtues can be learned or simply known. Can they be taught to people or do we just acquire the virtues? Socrates believes that ones soul or minds knows what one thinks he learns. As this question arises Socrates uses the slave boy example to explain. In this example Socrates has a slave boy look at a mathematical problem. After the boy looks at the problem he cannot work it. However, after being showed the problem and having it broken down the boy is able to give the right answer. Socrates begins by guiding the slave boy by drawing out the ideas that the slave boy already knows or are present in him. From this the slave boy uncovers that he has ideas that he did not know he had before the encounter with Socrates. Socrates shows that the boy has neverShow MoreRelatedPlato, Locke, And The Question Of Innate Ideas1829 Words   |  7 PagesPlato, Locke and the Question of Innate Ideas Plato and Locke have opposite opinions on the matter of innate ideas. Plato argues that the recognition of truth in reality is derived from the recollection of truth in the soul. A necessary part of Platos argument is that recollection of Truth depends upon the existence of an immortal soul. Locke, on the other hand, rejects Platos argument by stating that the recognition of truth is not dependent on recollection but is rather self-evidentRead MoreThe Philosophy of John Locke Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke, Johnathan’s knowledge did not come from innate ideas or principles, but rather from experiences and sensations. Although John Locke’s thoughts were monumental, flaws exist in the rejection of innate ideas. John Locke begins his argument with a weighty dismissal. Contending innate, or inborn, ideas do not exist. In essence, Locke claims that humans set out as empty cabinets. As time progresses human sensations fill the emptiness with ideas that are then named. Furthermore, Locke continuesRead MoreTwo Other Philosophers, John Locke, And George Berkeley1569 Words   |  7 Pagestheories to the discussion from the ideas presented by Plato. Unlike Plato who argues that we cannot determine what is true or real based on experience, Locke argues that all knowledge which we use to determine what is true or real comes from experience. And similar to Plato, Berkeley argues that only our ideas are the only thing that is real. Locke also argues in his essay that knowledge is not something people are born with. Locke differs from Plato, because Plato believes we do not know the trueRead MoreThe Greatest Philosophers Of History2051 Words   |  9 Pagesthat while it may be one of the most complica ted notions we will ever face, there are innate truths that cannot be contravened. Perhaps one of the most influential discussions of humanity to have ever taken place was that of Plato’s city, a hypothetical place of dwelling meant to be a philosophical speculation of the mannerisms of human beings as Plato and his fellows saw them to be. As a great philosopher, Plato knew that human beings are naturally social beings, and need companionship like theirRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 PagesEmpiricism with particular reference to Locke’s theory of ideas – the basic principles of empiricism and the spirit behind it; Locke’s theory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge inRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesThe Views of Locke The life-blood of philosophy is argument and counter-argument. Plato and Aristotle thought of this as what they called dialectic discussion. D. W. Hamlyn JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) Locke was the first of the British empiricists who held that our concepts and our knowledge are based on experience. He forms his system of knowledge with empiricist idioms, namely: all knowledge comes to us through experience. No mans knowledge here can go beyond his experience. There isRead MoreModern Psychology : The Scientific Study Of Mind And Behaviour1637 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical mind, leading philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle to ask questions, which are still relevant to the understanding of the mind today. Plato a philosopher that dismissed the scientific approach had many psychological insights for example; mental health, suggesting that it depends on the body and the mind. Regardless of his views on mental health, Plato insisted that there was a significant distinction between mind and body. In contrast to Plato s beliefs, Aristotle had an early scientificRead MoreUse Of Metaphysical Constructs : Explanations Of Human Thought And Behavior From The Ancient World1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophers had key ideas of metaphysical constructs. A key idea was proposed by Parmenides, who was a rationalist, believed that knowledge comes only through reason. Ones thoughts must then be make sense before they are to act upon them. In early Greek medicine, Galen, hypothesized personality in which he explained that Hippocrates four humors must be associated by four temperaments. During the Ancient Greece times the idea of the Relativity of Truth began to rise. This idea such that truth depen dsRead MoreChomsky s Theory Of Human Language1362 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1960s, Empiricism and Behaviorism reigned, yet these views are now commonly mostly considered absurd due to Chomsky. Noam Chomsky, a prominent cognitive linguist and a great contributor to analytical philosophy, is in awe of the concept of human language. The properties of language enable humans to combine individual concepts together in indefinitely many ways, making the range of human thought virtually unlimited. Chomsky is fascinated that language enables humans to say virtually anythingRead MoreMachiavelli, Hobbes, And Locke1791 Words   |  8 Pagesthinkers believed politics should be. There are many topics both modern and ancient thinkers discuss in their writings, such as the purpose of politics, the science of politics, human nature, as well as the ideal regime. By doing so, these thinkers’ views on political topics such as these illuminate how they thought politics should work and who s hould be able to participate in the activity of politics. Purpose of Politics To begin with, an important theme to discuss is what the modern thinkers

The Allegory Of The Cave Essay - 828 Words

Each culture has a different set of rules and norms. Sometimes, we as individuals, use our culture’s norms as a guideline of how to behave and how we think people should behave. These enable to have a specific perception and a way of thinking. We stay in our comfortable way of living and never acknowledge that there is more than our regular lifestyle. In today’s modern world, we depend too much on technology. Most of us spend most of the day using our cellphones, playing video games or on our laptop, never taking a glimpse of the world around us. Especially, those who use the whole day to watch television or play video games since they are participating in a fantasy and never realizing they are missing out of reality. Such as Aristotle, a philosopher who is the student of Plato, explains in his allegory of the cave. In Plato’s Republic, Socrates uses the allegory of the cave to explain that knowledge and education are the solution to free people of ignorance. In a conversation, Socrates asked Glaucon to image prisoners kept in a cave. These prisoners have been in the cave since birth, they are oblivious to the world outside the cave. Each prisoner is chained so their legs and necks are immobile. They are forced to look at the wall in front of them; they cannot look to either side. Behind the prisoners, there is a fire and behind the fire, there is a partial wall, on which people can walk. These people are puppets, they carried artifacts in the shape of human and animalShow MoreRelatedThe Allegory Of The Cave1086 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the allegorical significance(s) of the cave in Plato’s Republic. How is the cave an allegory of Plato’s philosophy? How is the allegory of the cave an allegory for enlightenment or philosophical education? How and why are most human beings like prisoners in a cave? Who are the puppeteers? What does the world outside the cave represent? What does the sun represent? Etc. What is Platoâ€⠄¢s Theory of the Forms? What is a Form? How does the allegory of the cave express Plato’s Theory of the Forms? HowRead MoreThe Allegory of the Cave907 Words   |  4 Pagesman follow the law, and how do implications of society affect our behavior. The most interesting topic from the Republic is from Book VII, the allegory of the cave. With the allegory of the cave Plato gives us the power to break the chains that bind us down and leads us to see the light. In the allegory of the cave Plato sets the scene with humans in a cave that have been chained since childhood so they are restricted from moving and looking around the room. These people only see the shadows castedRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1382 Words   |  6 Pageshis most intricate, yet his most important figure: the Allegory of the Cave. Socrates calls on the interlocutors to imagine a dimly lit cave in which a group of prisoners are chained behind a wall in such a way that they cannot move and are forced to stare at a wall all day. Thanks to a small fire, the prisoners are able to see the shadows of their imprisoners and images their imprisoners projected on the wall. Having always been in the cave, the prisoners believe the shadows are true; similarlyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay2021 Words   |  9 Pagesrecognizable image of Plato’s Republic, the message of the allegory of the cave is present not only in Book VII, but throughout the entire dialogue. P lato-as-Socrates uses the allegory to express his views on philosophy’s role in his city of speech which is later shown more deeply with the five regimes in Book VIII. The cities in the five regimes undergo a degradation as philosophy moves further and further away from the ruler; which also mirrors the cave. Plato reveals his belief that the city and philosophyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1307 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Allegory of the Cave there are prisoners are chained up together in which they are all facing the back wall. There is a firing behind the prisoners and the only thing that they can see are the shadows of the people behind them. The fire casts shadows on the wall so this is the only thing that they see. Their entire lives have been based on these shadows on the wall. These prisoners have been chained up since birth, so what they see on the walls is all they know. In the Allegory of the Cave, theyRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay975 Words   |  4 Pa gesof philosophy in Brooklyn College, once said â€Å"The only thing we know for certain is that nothing is certain.† This is the main philosophy behind both Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, and the renowned sci-fi movie â€Å"The Matrix.† Both works deal with escaping a false reality while unveiling a real one. In Plato’s â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave†, the escaped prisoner synonymous to the character Neo in â€Å"The Matrix†, exhibiting a shared theme behind both plots. Socrates suggest that with effort, all that isRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave905 Words   |  4 PagesIn the allegory of the cave Plato tries to show us two scenarios where the prisoners experience emotional and intellectual revelations throughout their lives. Plato’s theory was that the ones who truly understand knowledge should guide the ignorant people out of their unenlightened states of being and into true knowledge. The cave symbolizes the pe ople who think that knowledge come from what they see and hear in the world. It also indicates people that make assumptions about life based on the substantialRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pages 3. Explain how the Allegory of the Cave represents Plato’s views about the nature of knowledge and the nature of reality. In the Allegory of the Cave there are chained prisoners in cave who can only stare at the cave wall in front of them. At the back there is a long entrance with a staircase the width of the cave and a fire burning in the distance. They see only shadows projected in front of them from a raised platform and hear an echo that they attribute to what they observe. They talk aboutRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn his allegory of the cave, Plato describes a scenario in which chained-up prisoners in a cave understand the reality of their world by observing the shadows on a cave wall. Unable to turn around, what seems to be reality are but cast shadows of puppets meant to deceive the prisoners. In the allegory, a prisoner is released from his chains and allowed to leave the cave. On his way out, he sees the fire, he sees the puppets, and then he sees the sun. Blinded by the sunlight, he could only stare downRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThesis Allegory of Cave First what is perception and ignorance? Let us define perception as one’s view of life through rationalization of the external world and ignorance as an assumption without proof and contemplation. In the â€Å"Allegory of The Cave†, Plato uses Socrates to explain different types of people, one who sees the physical realm accepting ideas as they form and one who lives in knowledge realm by questioning those ideas. People of the knowledge realm are obligated to helps those in the

Metacognition Essay Example For Students

Metacognition Essay Metacognition has been defined as having knowledge (cognition) and having understanding, control over, and appropriate use of that knowledge (Tei and Stewart; as cited by Collins, 1994, p. 2). Wellman (as cited by Berk, 1997) refers to metacognitive knowledge as being made up of four interrelated component : knowledge of self, task, strategies and interaction. The conscious control over and use of these knowledge components emerges through the application of metacognitive skills (or strategies), which include all those methods learners employ to think, study and solve problems (Slavin, 1997). Unlike some other areas of child development, there is no one theorist credited as heralding and mastering thought on metacognitive development. Rather there have been numerous researchers who have made considerable contributions towards a better understanding of how students study strategies change as they become older. In their study of students from fifth grade through tertiary education, Fleming et al. (1993) found a developmental trend for increasing differentiation of lower-level (rote memory) strategies and high-level (being-based and self-regulatory) strategies during the high school and university years. Flavell (as cited by Warton, 1998) attributes much of this differentiation to greater metacognitive knowledge of self and task, in that as students mature they are far more accurate in estimating their memory capacity (or changing their strategies and predictions for the next time of they over-estimated). They are also likely to learn the gist of the material (the general id ea) as opposed to verbatim memory input, which is common to children up to eight years of age. Rafoth, Leal and Defabo (1993) also argue that as students develop they are less likely to use rehearsal as a study routine and more likely to acquire sophisticated learning strategies (p.26) such as semantic organisation of material, self-testing and elaboration Creating visual or verbal connections that add meaning to material (Rafoth et al, 1993, p.25). With specific attention to self-testing, Loraner (1994) argues that more mature students are more efficient monitors of their learning, and therefore more active, purposeful and flexible in their strategy use. Hagan, Reed, Wicker, Schallert and Wiehe (1992), have similarly noted the developmental nature of metacognition and study strategies. However, they are cautious not to underrate the considerable importance of effective influences on study activities and their efficacy, highlighting that:The psychological process of being immersed , or involved in what one is studying has an important relationship to the study outcome goals a nd affect that either promote or hinder involvement may influence a students orientation toward studying (for example, the decision to comprehend vs. memorise). (p. 2). Key insights have been made into the relationship between development and study activities, with very distinct changes noted as students mature (Murray-Harvey Keeves, 1994). While much research has also focused on particular age or schooling level groups with regards to metacognitive, and in particular, study skills strategies for example, Hermans (1996) study of undergraduate multiple choice test strategies, and Williams (1997) research into the study strategies of rural at-risk high school students. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between development and study strategies, particularly changes that occur between the senior school years and studies at university. Specifically this study focused on how students prepare for a test, monitor and review their progress and how dependent this monitoring and awareness of ones cognition is affected by age or subject area. In line with the reported research it is hypothesized that a university student will make greater use of meaning based and self regulatory study skills than senior high school students, who have less knowledge about the own learning, across all subject areas. Two males participated in the study. One attends a Catholic High School in a large country town whilst the other attended a Catholic High School in a small Capital city. They are both from similar socio-economic backgrounds. Michael (pseudonym) is 18 years of age and studying for his HSC and achieving above average results. John (pseudonym) is 22 years of age and studying for a Masters degree in Chiropractic Science. He achieves well above average results in his university studies. Although the results John has achieved in his academic career are better it is Michael who comes from a more scholarly background. Due to the striking similarities between the two subjects in gender, schooling institutions and socio-economic status the two main variables were development and personality differences. The only materials used in the study were a tape recorder for recording the subjects responses to the researchers questions (see Appendix 1 and 2), and a pen and paper for recording non-verbal responses. A case study was used to gain qualitative research into the relationship between developmental and study variables in two individuals. After consideration of past research on development and metacognition, subjects were chosen to examine the relevant points of equivalence and contrast between a late high school students and a university students study strategies. Both the subjects were well known to the researcher and as such they were spoken with casually regarding their participation in the study. They were informed about the purpose and nature of the study and questions they would b required to answer. They both consented to participate and signed the consent forms (Appendix 3 and 4). A suitable time for interviewing the subjects was arranged. When the interview started the tape recorder was turned on and the subjects were then questioned regarding their academic careers. A number of questions were posed to investigate their performance on academic tests or exams and their preparation for them. Table 1: Comparison between a university students and a school students responses on study skills. History: Open Book Test (Cheat Sheet) vs EssaysOrthopaedics: True / False vs Essays or Short AnswerHistory: Read textbook. Summarize notesMaths: Read. Learn formulas. Do practice questions. Orthopaedics: True / False Read notes. Doesnt try to memorizeShort Answer Rewrite. Summarize. Elaborate to make meaning. ReadChiropractic Skills: Read. Practice. Does subject use different strategies for different types of exams?Have subjects study strategies changed over time?Does subject recognize the role of environment and motivation on study?Does subject have the ability to self-regulate?Reasonable. Does practice questions for maths but not for interpretative subjects. Excellent varies strategies according to progress, time constraints, exam type and subject. How does subject deal with problems in exams?Leave it and come back if there is time. Leaves it and comes back. Knows own recognition patterns (eg if I know it Ill recognize it). Uses other questions as a springboard for thinking about the Question. Table 1 highlights the significant differences and similarities between the two subjects metacognitive abilities. Johns responses to questions were far more detailed than were Michaels. Michael required far more prompting and gave less precise answers. John on the other hand is well aware of his study strategies and was able and willing to discuss them. Michael responded that he applied the same study skills to groups of subjects regardless of the examination type whereas John recognized that he studied differently for different exam formats. He said that psychologically or perhaps unconsciously he recognizes the difference in the way he studied for a True / False test as opposed to a test which required him to write his own responses. Differing again was the way in which John prepared for a practical examination. Each of the subjects replied that for theoretical and to some extent Johns practical, exams , they read over and summarized their notes and / or their textbooks. Each of them found this process of rewriting and rereading their notes to be the most beneficial to their study. The concept for Johns practical exam was the same, to read the notes and then practise them regularly. Both subjects recognized the role of motivation and environment on their study. Each was aware that they found it difficult to study when there were distracting factors around, such as Michaels example of food, or Johns example of noise. John is far more able to change the way he studies as exams come closer and recognizes the need to do so. He has a good ability to self-regulate in that he is able to reasonably confidently predict his results in examinations. Hamlet: Growing Pains EssayR:Thats great! Thanks for your help!Transcript of Researchers Questions and Johns ResponsesR:For my studies in education I am doing some research into study skills. There are no right or wrong answers and all the data will remain completely confidential. You can stop the interview at any time. Okay?R:You dont mind if I tape record the interview?R:Can you think about an exam you have had recently for me?R:How did you actually study for it?J:Well .. I went through all my lectures to start with and in the first few weeks when I wasnt so busy I came home and rewrote my notes. I use blue and red pen to highlight the important facts. So I rewrote all my notes and then when it came closer to the date I started writing them onto cue cards so I had all the salient points on the cue cards. So I basically keep putting them onto cue cards and once I have finished all my exam notes and yeh Ive got it all on cue cards and I keep reading them. And every time I read the m I remember some more and more and so I take those cue cards out and dont read them again and eventually Im left with 10 or so cue cards. I go through them and decide if they are likely to be in the exam questions and I have quite mastered it and I keep reading through them until Im ready to sit for the exam. R:Okay, so how do you actually go about actually remembering the information?J:Like I said if Ive got time I like to rewrite my notes but that takes a lot of time. Closer to the date I stop that and just keep reading and putting them onto cue cards .. um.. and basically keep reading and .. reading my lecture notes .. I go through the text book and some past paper.. and I prepare my lecture notes and I try and expand on them so I can understand what I am going to have to write about. R:So you dont actually have any tricks for remembering the stuff? You dont make patterns out of the words or anything like that?J:With Orthopaedics its basically a lot of facts and its just remembering and rewriting the facts and sometimes I might use a pneumonic but its not that easy to use a pneumonic because basically, you know A patient presents with. And youve got to know what the facts are. R:Okay can you think of another exam you have had recently?R:Okay. So did you have to prepare for it differently?J:So it was a practical exam. It wasnt a theory exam. Apart from reading lecture notes it was basically practising with friends. R:How to you manage to remember practical information as opposed to the theoretical information?J:I think I read somewhere that it takes two weeks to form a ingrain so basically we get together twice a week and draw a name out of a hat and try and remember the name and the name gives you a clue and youve got to remember all your contacts are and youve just got to keep practising. Yeh basically you see that name of the adjustment and your brains got to think okay and just before you do the adjustment take a deep breath and think of all the things you have gone through with your friends. And thinking what are the important points and hopefully you have done enough practice that it becomes automated. R:Um.. Do you think motivation affects your ability to study?J:Definitely, I think doing 10 or so Masters subjects if you are not motivated I think it becomes tough to sit there and rewrite your lecture notes and to try to remember so many facts. Motivation plays a big part. R:Do you think there is anything else that affects your study?J:Definitely the environment you are studying in and how you are feeling, lack of sleep, I suppose relationships all play a partR:Right. In an exam if you get stuck on a questions what do you do?J:Um, it all depends on if it is a theory or a practical. If it is say a theory question Ill think about it but Ill only think about it for say 30 secs cause if I know it Ill know t straight away. So if Im in a theory Ill just leave it and if Im doing another question and I think of something that answers the question I have left Ill come back to it but basically Ill leave it and try to get marks elsewhere and come back to the question. In a practical exam I suppose try and reread the question take a deep breath and you should know it and hopefully it will come back to you and if it doesnt ask the examiner if I can come back to it and hopefully it come back to me. R:Do you think there is anything that happens in an exam that reminds you of anything that you have forgotten? You know do you think there is anything .. Oh.. I was studying that on a Wednesday after.. Do you try and make a process of your study so that you can try and remember it?J:Not so much days but I read my notes a few times and I think I can almost pinpoint what lecture it was at, who gave the lecture and what his emphasis was. Sometime I can remember what cue card it was on and I try to visualize what I was remembering. Sometimes it is difficult when youve got fact after fact but at least if you cant remember the whole of it you can get some marks. R:Right okay. Are you generally pleased with the results you get?J:Practical more so than theory. Im one of the only ones who hasnt failed a practical station so Im pretty happy with that. Theory sometimes I do really well other times not so well. R:If in one theory subject you have different sorts of exams say multiple choice versus essays. Do you prepare differently?J:Yeh. We have some True / False exams and you know.. with them you think that you dont actually have to remember it .. psychologically.. you just think that you will have to recognize it .. so you dont tend to study it as well. Whereas with other sorts of tests you know you have to know the facts so you actually remember them. R:Well thats it! Thanks for your help!Berk, L.E. (1997). Child Development. (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Collins, N.D. (1994). Metacognition and Reading to Learn. (Report No. EDO-CS-94-09). Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading, English, and Communication, Bloomington, in Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 376-427)Fleming, S.P., Cornwell, J.M., et al. (1993, April). Developmental Changes in the Factor Structure of a A Self-Report Measure of Study Activities. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Atlanta, GA. Hagan, A.S., Reed, J.H., et al. (1192, April). Motivational and Cognitive Factors Affecring Involvement in Goal Pursuit: A Reconfirmation of Extension of Research. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association , San Francisco, CA. Murray-Harvey ; Keeves, J.P. (1994, April). Students Learning Processes and Progress in Higher Education. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA. Rafoth, M.A., Leal, L. De Fabo, L. (1993). Strategies for Learning and Remembering: Study Skills Across the Curriculum Washington, DC: National Education Association. Slavin, R.E. (1997). Educational Psychology : Theory and Practice. (5th ed.). Boston: Alleyn and Bacon. Warton, P. (1999). Metacognition. Lecture presented at Macquarie University, Sydney. Williams, J.E. (1995, April). Use of Learning and Study Skills among Students Differing in Self-Regulated Learning Efficacy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA. Williams, J.E. (1996, April). Promoting Rural Students Academic Achievements: An Examination of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY. Williams, J.E. (1997, March). Relating Affective and Cognitive Study Strategies to Self-Regulated Learning for Rural At-Risk Students. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Assocation, Chicago, IL. Bibliography:

The Analysis of Wal

Wal-Mart is one of the largest multinational retailing corporations operating in North America and globally. The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. Today, the company’s headquarters are located in Bentonville, Arkansas. The corporation developed from a small chain of stores in Arkansas, and now Wal-Mart operates more than 7,000 stores which are located round the world (Ingram, Yue, and Rao 55; â€Å"Walmart†).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Analysis of Wal-Mart’s Retailing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wal-Mart’s operations are organized in a specific way to cover the needs of such divisions as the US stores, Wal-Mart Sam’s Club, and international stores located globally (â€Å"Walmart†). Wal-Mart stores propose a variety of food products, drugs, and general goods. To analyze the corporation’s retailing strategy and to state the perspe ctives for the corporation’s future development, it is necessary to focus on examining the Wal-Mart strategy’s strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities. The Analysis of the Industry and Wal-Mart’s Strategy The retailing industry in the United States is highly competitive, and Wal-Mart has to compete with such rivals as Kmart, Target, Meijer, and Safeway directly. The most challenging competition is observed in the sphere of general retailing where supermarkets compete in proposing a range of goods, stating low prices, and developing discounting strategies for customers. However, Wal-Mart also competes with Costco in the sphere of warehouse club activities (Pradhan 567). To compete within the industry effectively, Wal-Mart developed a successful retailing strategy which should be discussed with references to the concepts of target market and retail positioning (Levy and Weitz 110). Wal-Mart’s target customers are diverse in their needs and interes ts that is why the company orients to satisfy the demands of the different population’s categories, including women, elder persons, and children. Wal-Mart’s retail positioning depends on the ways of how the company can be differentiated from the other retailers within the industry. Wal-Mart chooses to attract different customers while proposing them a variety of products and innovative approaches to researching and analyzing their preferences (â€Å"Walmart†). To provide customers with the products which are interesting for them while following the low-cost strategy, Wal-Mart also develops the strong relations with suppliers, and these relations are beneficial for both the retailer and customers. This approach should be discussed with references to the company’s retailing mix which includes the focus on product, price, place, and promotion. Wal-Mart establishes strong relations with suppliers to provide customers with a variety of products satisfying thei r demands and meeting their local preferences.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The great assortment in Wal-Mart stores provides customers with the opportunity to make the right choice. Moreover, Wal-Mart pricing policies are based on the principle of low-cost retailing, and stores propose different discounts daily and weekly to cover all the groups of customers. It is important to note that Wal-Mart stores are located not only in the US metropolitans but also in small towns in the country’s states. In addition, the retailer focuses on addressing the customers’ needs that is why Wal-Mart stores located globally are developed to respond to the local expectations (Ingram, Yue, and Rao 60; â€Å"Walmart†). The company’s promotion strategy is based on declaring the principle of proposing better products for lower costs, and it is modified regardin g the needs of the local public globally. Wal-Mart Strategy’s Strengths and Weaknesses Wal-Mart remains to be one of the most successful multinational corporations in the sphere of retailing because of a range of strengths associated with the company’s strategy. The first strength is the effective pricing policy. The company is the price leader within the industry because of proposing lower prices basing on the cost-effective relations with suppliers. The next strength is the focus on the wide assortment proposed to customers. Selling a range of products which customers need, Wal-Mart stores address all the customers’ daily demands. Furthermore, concentrating on using technologies to collect the data about the customers’ needs, Wal-Mart develops the most effective distribution and delivery systems (Pradhan 567). In addition, Wal-Mart opens stores in many cities in the USA and in many foreign countries, and the company operates as one of the largest retail ers in the world while developing the brand image and customers’ loyalty (â€Å"Walmart†). Wal-Mart responds to the modern trends and uses social media and mobile technologies to meet the customers’ interests and to develop the work with customers’ orders. However, there are also weaknesses in the retailer’s strategy which are the focus on traditions rather than on changes; the lack of the effective differentiation strategy to compete within the industry; and the focus on monopolistic strategy to develop the business within the industry. Having become the largest and most recognizable retailer within the industry, Wal-Mart concentrates on supporting the image rather than on expanding the areas for meeting the customers’ interests (Pradhan 568). Opportunities for Wal-Mart’s Further Progress The opportunities for Wal-Mart’s further successful competition within the market depend on the effective use of the strengths related to th e corporation’s strategy. Operating internationally, Wal-Mart can focus on the further expansion of the corporation’s presence in the global market. Moreover, focusing on the use of technologies and innovation, the company can also pay more attention to the opportunities of online retailing.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Analysis of Wal-Mart’s Retailing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, the company uses different mobile apps and develops strategies to operate in the sphere widely (â€Å"Walmart†). Thus, the focus on online retailing and using digital strategies is a good opportunity for a company to attract more customers. In spite of the fact that Wal-Mart as the retailer is attractive for customers during the decades, more attention should be paid to improvement the retailer’s brand image because it is necessary to focus on new approaches to formulat ing the company’s mission and vision to reflect the customers’ values. The Threats Challenging for Wal-Mart Although Wal-Mart employs more than two millions of people globally and its revenues are more than $450 billion, there are several threats which the company can face within the industry because of the increasing competition among the rivals (Pradhan 569). Wal-Mart management strategies and policies do not attract employees, and these strategies are often discussed as discriminating in terms of payments and conditions. Negative feedbacks related to the company’s policies regarding Wal-Mart employees also influence the customers’ attitude to the retailer, and they can be discussed as challenging for the brand image and customers’ loyalty. As a result, more attention should be paid to improving the company’s corporate strategies to affect the corporation’s development and public’s visions positively (â€Å"Walmart†). The other threats are associated with retailer’s international operations. In spite of the fact that Wal-Mart proposes a wide range of products for customers globally, local competitors can also become a threat to the retailer’s activities because of their focus on responding to the market latest tendencies. More attention should be paid to the strategies followed by Wal-Mart stores globally. Wal-Mart’s Performance, Position within the Market, and Prospects for the Future The effectiveness of the retailer’s performance depends on many factors which include the retailing strategy and the positive image as the employer (Levy and Weitz 24). If Wal-Mart’s retailing strategy focused on the customers’ needs and brand image is rather effective to increase the retailer’s competitive advantage, the company’s image as the employer is not effective to contribute to the customer’s loyalty because of the ineffective management strate gies and policies. Nevertheless, Wal-Mart aims to follow the strategy of the sustainable development to respond to the communities’ needs globally (â€Å"Walmart†). High levels of sales support the idea that Wal-Mart’s performance is based on the effective fundaments, and the chosen retailing strategy to meet the local customers’ needs globally contributes to the retailer’s strong position within the market.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More That is why, the prospects for the future of Wal-Mart stores can be discussed as rather positive because of the customers’ recognition of the brand and Wal-Mart’s effective operation of the retailing mix. To provide strong financial returns in the future, it is necessary for the company to focus more on expanding the international segment and on improving the relations with suppliers in the United States and round the world. These actions are necessary to expand operations and to increase revenues because it is the way to increase advantage in the situation of the new rivals’ entry. Being one of the largest multinational retailing corporations in the world, Wal-Mart focuses on responding to the interests of all the customers in the United States and globally. The company’s strategy is rather effective to contribute to the future development of the retailer because Wal-Mart develops its leadership cost strategy, expands the assortment of products, and focu ses on opening more stores meeting the demands of the local customers. Works Cited Ingram, Paul, Lori Qingyuan Yue, and Hayagreeva Rao. â€Å"Trouble in Store: Probes, Protests, and Store Openings by Wal-Mart, 1998–2007†. American Journal of Sociology 116.1 (2010): 53–92. Print. Levy, Michael, and Barton Weitz. Retailing Management. USA: McGraw-Hill Education, 2011. Print. Pradhan, Swapna. Retailing Management: Text and Cases. USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009. Print. Walmart. 2014. Web. https://www.walmart.com/. This case study on The Analysis of Wal-Mart’s Retailing Strategy was written and submitted by user Sara L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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The Legal Process - Law Basics

The Legal Process - Law Basics Free Online Research Papers Introduction The legal process can seem to be quite complicated to those who are not intimately involved in it on a daily basis. More specifically, understanding employment law and how to protect oneself from discrimination is not easy for the common person to grasp if not acquainted with the process. The following scenario will provide insight on the steps involved in the legal process when attempting to ensure that one is treated equally in the workplace. The Scenario John is an employee of a private sector organization whom has decided to file a discrimination complaint against his employer. He believes that he has personally been discriminated against and has chosen to go through the legal process to remedy his situation. After a thorough review of the Title VII law, the federal law that prohibits most workplace harassment and discrimination, John has determined that his scenario fits into the category of discrimination (HR Hero, 2009). The Legal Process The first step of the legal process John must follow is to file a formal complaint of discrimination within 180 days of the incident with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC, 2009). Once the complaint is received, the EEOC will schedule an appointment with John to review the documentation that substantiates his claim. During the time that the EEOC is making the decision regarding acceptance of the complaint, John is tasked with exploring alternative resolutions including mediation. Mediation is usually a preferable alternative to a traditional EEOC investigation and to enforcement and litigation steps that may follow. Mediation allows the parties involved in a charge of discrimination to resolve their differences quickly and amicably without a determination by the EEOC on the merits of the case (EEOC, 2009). While mediation is in process, investigation of the claim is placed on hold. If mediation does not prove to be an agreeable resolution, the next step is that the EEOC will then begin an investigation of the claim to determine the legitimacy. As part of the investigation, the EEOC will notify the employer of the complaint within 10 days of receipt of the complaint and provides them the opportunity to respond to the alleged complaint. The employer’s response is known as a Position Statement (EEOC, 2009). After the employer responds to the allegations, the data is reviewed and conciliation is the next step. Conciliation is another alternate method of resolution similar to mediation with a few differences. Both parties agree to use a conciliator who meets with the parties separately in an attempt to resolve the existing differences (Wikipedia, 2008). This method is different from an arbitrator because the conciliator has no legal authority and does not seek evidence or call witnesses. The conciliator does not document a decision or make an award. This process differs from mediation because the main goal is to conciliate making concessions. During mediation both parties sit at the table facing each other; however, most of the time during conciliation both parties seldom face each other. The final step of the administrative process is to send a letter to the complainant advising the right to sue. This letter is also known as the 90 day letter and this serves as official notice that the complainant can now begin the process of filing and summons and complaint within the U.S. District Court (EEOC, 2009). The Civil Litigation Process If John is not satisfied with alternate dispute resolution methods, he can choose to begin the civil litigation process per the receipt of the 90 day letter (U.S. Courts System, 2007). Once the complainant files within the U.S. District Court, he or she becomes the plaintiff and the respondent’s title becomes defendant. The court receives the summons and notifies the defendant allowing them a 30-60 day window to answer the summons (U.S. Courts System, 2007). The courts then begin the discovery phase requiring all documents relevant to the case to be produced for evidence. The court also takes sworn depositions as needed to understand the details of the situation. Once this process is completed, a motion is filed for summary judgment and a pre-trial is held to baseline issues and determine the witnesses. A trial date is then set as either a bench trial or trial by jury and both sides are heard. After all facts have been presented, a verdict is delivered (U.S. Courts System, 200 7) . If John is not satisfied with the verdict, he can file an appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals within 30 days of the verdict. A Petition of Appeal must be submitted within 60 days outlining the reason for the appeal. Once received, the U.S. Court of Appeals issues a decision within 3-6 months subsequent of the receipt of the petition (U.S. Courts System, 2007). Finally, if John is still not satisfied with the decision, he can take his case through the highest level of court, the U.S. Supreme Court. In order to do so, the Supreme Court must request a Writ of Certiorari. This request requires the lower court to send the request in the given case for review (Wikipedia, 2008). This occurs as a result of a petition for Certiorari to be filed by the plaintiff advising why the case should be heard. The Supreme Court can then choose whether or not to hear the case and may grant oral arguments. If granted, both parties appear in front of the Supreme Court for oral arguments for the period of one hour. Once both parties are heard, the Supreme Court makes a final ruling on the case. At this point, any decision is final (U.S. Courts System, 2007). Conclusion The legal process available to employees is in place to ensure that discrimination does not take place in the work environment. Although, the process is long and involved, it is established and in effect to protect employees and ensure that everyone receives a fair judgment. John and any other employee who experiences discrimination by an employer can follow this legal process to remedy such situations that are unfair and unjust according to the employment laws in place. References HR Hero. (2009). Title VII from the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved from hrhero.com/topics/title7.html on March 7, 2009. U.S. Courts System (2007). The appeals process. Retrieved from the U.S. Courts Systems web page: uscourts.gov/understand03/content_6_5.html on March 7, 2009 U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2009). Retrieved from eeoc.gov on March 7, 2009. Wikipedia. (2008). Certiorari Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certiorari on March 7, 2009. Wikipedia. (2008) Conciliation. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conciliation on March 7, 2009. Research Papers on The Legal ProcessThe Equal Rights AmendmentExempt vs Non-Exempt EmployeesGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsCombating Human TraffickingProject Management 101Probation OfficersWhat are Stock OptionsThe Fifth HorsemanThree Concepts of PsychodynamicGlobal Distributive Justice is Utopian

Effect of Ethnicity in Nigeria Essay Example

Effect of Ethnicity in Nigeria Essay Example Effect of Ethnicity in Nigeria Essay Effect of Ethnicity in Nigeria Essay EFFECT OF ETHNICITY ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA CHAPTER 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Nigeria  is  by  far  the most populated of Africa’s countries, with more than one-seventh of the continent’s people. The people belong to many different ethnic groups. These groups give the country a rich culture, but they also pose major challenges to nation building. Ethnic strife has plagued Nigeria since it gained independence in 1960. Officially known as the ‘Federal Republic of Nigeria’, she has  a  federal form of government and is divided into 36 states and a federal capital territory. Lagos, (formerly the capital of Nigeria) is the economic and cultural center located along the coast, and inhabited majorly by the Yoruba-speaking tribe. It is also the country’s largest city (in terms of population). The government moved from Lagos to Abuja in 1991 in the hope of creating a national capital where none of the country’s ethnic groups would be dominant. The  land size area  of Nigeria is approximately 923,768 sq km (356,669 sq mi). It was home to ethnically based kingdoms and tribal communities before it became a European colony. In spite of European contact that began in the 16th century, these kingdoms and communities maintained their autonomy until the 19th century. The colonial era began in earnest in the late 19th century, when Britain consolidated its rule over Nigeria. In 1914 the British merged their northern and southern protectorates into a single state called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Nigeria became independent of British rule in 1960. After independence Nigeria experienced frequent coups and long periods of autocratic military rule between 1966 and 1999, when a democratic civilian government was established Nigeria is very rich in raw materials like crude oil, tin, iron etc but is almost solely dependent on crude oil which is a major source of income for the country. While oil wealth has financed major investments in the country’s infrastructure, Nigeria remains among the world’s poorest countries in terms of per capita income. Oil revenues led the government to ignore agriculture, resulting in dependence on food importation. Fig 1. 1 MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE 36 STATES 1. 1 The people of Nigeria Nigerias diversity, both in tongue and tribe makes it a very difficult region to subject to precise classification. This has led to the tendency among many scholars to focus on the three major ethnic or geographic zones in the country viz the Hausa-Fulani (Northern Nigeria), the Yoruba (Western Nigeria) and the Igbo (Eastern Nigeria). These geographic zones are not in any way solely occupied by the three ethnic groups. A plethora of smaller socio-ethnic groups may be located in these zones. The  highest  population densities are in the Igbo heartland in south-eastern Nigeria, despite poor soils and heavy emigration. The intensively farmed zones around and including several major cities of the Hausa ethnic group especially Kano, Sokoto, and Zaria in the north are also densely populated. Other areas of high density include Yorubaland in the southwest, the central Jos Plateau, and the Tiv homeland in Benue State in the south central region. Densities are relatively low in the dry northeast and in most parts of the middle belt. Ecological factors, including the prevalence of diseases such as sleeping sickness, carried by the tsetse fly, and historical factors, especially the legacy of pre-colonial slave raiding, help explain these low densities (Encarta, 2009). Table 1. 1: Statistics of Nigeria Population| 138,283,240 (2008 estimate)| Population density| 152 persons per sq km 393 persons per sq mi (2008 estimate)| Urban population distribution| 48 percent (2005 estimate)| Rural population distribution| 52 percent (2005 estimate)| Largest cities, with population| Lagos, 11,100,000 (2005 estimate) Ibadan, 3,570,000 (2007 estimate) Ogbomosho, 861,300 (2007 estimate)| Official language| English| Chief religious affiliations| Muslim, 50 percent Christian, 40 percent Indigenous beliefs, 10 percent| Life expectancy| 47. 8 years (2008 estimate)| Infant mortality rate| 94 deaths per 1,000 live births (2008 estimate)| Literacy rate| 70. 7 percent (2005 estimate)| Source: Encarta Encyclopaedia (2009) 1. 2 Social issues Wealth  and  power  are  distributed very unevenly in Nigerian society. This is due to several factors including corruption, political instability, and unemployment, amid others. The great majority of Nigerians, preoccupied with daily struggles to earn a living, have few material possessions and little chance of improving their lot. Meanwhile, chiefs, rich merchants, politicians, and high-ranking civil servants often accumulate and flaunt massive wealth, which to a degree is expected and accepted in the Nigerian society. Most of these elite maintain power through networks of patronage: They secure and distribute labour and receive political support in return. The system allows for some redistribution of income because patrons often pay for things such as school fees and marriage costs for relatives, community development, and charity work. Economic  inequality  has a severe effect on health, especially for children. One-fifth of Nigerian children die before the age of five, primarily from treatable diseases such as malaria, measles, whooping cough, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Less than one-half of infants are immunized against measles, and malnutrition affects more than 40 percent of children under the age of five. Adults are equally affected, although with less deadly consequences. Only 20 percent of rural Nigerians and 52 percent of urban Nigerians have access to safe water. One-third have no access to health care simply because they live too far from clinics or other treatment centres. Many others cannot afford the fees charged by clinics. While  average  incomes are higher and death rates lower in cities, urban poverty is as pervasive as rural poverty. Secure, well-paying jobs are scarce, even for those with considerable education. Food is typically expensive. Housing, too, is costly despite its rudimentary quality, prompting the poor to build basic houses in shantytowns. Sewage disposal systems in most cities are also basic or primitive, with polluted streams, wells, roadside drains, and other bodies of water increasing the risk of infectious disease. Industry, automobiles, and the burning of fuel-wood further pollute air and water. Crime  in  Nigeria  rose in the mid-1990s as a result of unemployment, economic decline, and social inequality, which are abetted by inefficient and corrupt police and customs forces. More than half of all offenses are thefts, burglaries, and break-ins, although armed robberies are also prominent. Nigeria is a major conduit for drugs moving from Asia and Latin America to markets in Europe and North America. Large-scale Nigerian fraud rings have targeted business people in other parts of the world. Nigeria  has  been  wracked by periodic violent clashes between ethnic and religious groups since the 1990s. The reasons behind these clashes have varied from local political disputes to conflicts between fundamentalist Muslims and Christians or moderate Muslims. In many cases, local civic or religious leaders have manipulated these conflicts for political gain. 1. 3 Ethnicity: The Ethnic Composition of Nigeria Ethnicity is a term not easily defined and for proper understanding of the concept related terms requires description; an ethnic group is regarded as an informal interest group whose members are distinct from the members of other ethnic groups within the larger society because they share kinship, religious and linguistics ties (Cohen, 1974). Ethnicism is another related concept used to denote ‘ethnic loyalty’ (Pepple, 1985). The concept of loyalty here indicates willingness to support and act on behalf of the ethnic group. Subsequently, ethnic loyalty or ethnicism usually involves a degree of obligation and is often accompanied by a rejective attitude towards those regarded as outsiders i. e. members of other ethnic group (Salawu and Hassan, 2011). Thus the term Ethnicity can be defined as the interactions among members of many diverse groups (Nnoli, 1978). It is a commonplace fact that Nigeria is a society with different ethnic groups, religions, languages, cultures and institutional arrangements. As a heterogeneous society of several ethnic groups, Nigerians are thus characterized by groups, desires, beliefs, values, customs, fears etc. These diversities in national life manifest in several ways including; music, language, culture, dance, beliefs, religion etc. The fact that over three hundred identified language groups exist in Nigeria has created some confusion as one may equate each language group with an ethnic group (Adejuyibem 1983) and thereby arrive at over three hundred ethnic groups. As Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) and Anugwom (1997) have argued, however, languages and ethnic groups do not necessarily coincide. One language may be spoken by more than one ethnic group and one ethnic group may have linguistic variations of the same root language. Moreover, while language may be one of the important factors for defining an ethnic group, some ethnic groups in Nigeria may have lost their original linguistic roots, while retaining their identity, as a result of intense interaction with larger socio-ethnic groups. In the same vein, many ethnic groups may use the same language to case communication, as is the case of the smaller ethnic groups in the North of Nigeria, where Hausa has become more or less a lingua franca. Therefore, it has been proven that there is no direct relationship between language and ethnic group in Nigeria. Thus, the 56 ethnic groups identified by Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) as the existing ethnic groups in contemporary Nigeria are adopted. It is important to note that the ethnic groups in Nigeria may exceed this number by far, though these 56 groups are both visible and easily identifiable. The 56 ethnic groups are presented in the table below. Table 1. 2: Ethnic group in Nigeria 1. Hausa-FuIani| 29. Buri| 2. Igbo | 30. Balta| 3. Yoruba | 31. Kanuri| 4. Edo| 32. Margi| 5. Bassawa| 33. Delta Minorities| 6. Igala| 34. Gwadara| 7. Idoma| 35. Chamba-Daka| 8. Ora| 36. Mambila| 9. Ijo| 37. Katang | 10. Isoko| 38. Berom| 11. Urhobo| 39. Kadara| 12. Itshekiri| 40. Kurama| 13. Baatonum| 41. Mada| 14. Karnbari| 42. Alago| 15. Dulawa| 43. Migili| 16. Kamaku| 44. Eggon| 17. Ebira| 45. Bokyi| 18. Nupe| 46. Ekon| 19. Gwari| 47. Agoi| 20. Tiv| 48. Efik| 21. Jukun| 49. Ibibio| 2. Chomo-karim| 50. Annang| 23. Jarwa| 51. Mumuye| 24. Angas| 52. Waja| 25. Yekhee| 53. Busa| 26. Karekare| 54. Dendi| 27. Eloyi| 55. Buduma| 28. Gade| 56. Shuwa| Source: Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) Nigeria is known for its cultural diversities but while these diversities have been positively harnessed for greatness by other nations of the world the opposite is regrettably the case in Nigeria despite the efforts of heroes past in ensuring that these diversities are harnessed for development; rather they have served as the bane of social, economic and political development. Consequently, Nigeria as a nation has been besieged by an array of social, economic and political problems; these include corruption, tribalism, lack of patriotism, political gangsterism e. t. c (Nduka, 2004 and Omo-Ojugo et al. , 2009). 1. 4 Ethnicity and Marginalisation Before the advent of colonialism, the area now referred to as Nigeria was a large landmass occupied by un-unified people of diverse ethnic groups but for administrative convenience they were fused and merged together by the olonialists. For the duration of colonial rule, the ‘marriage’ of the diverse ethnic groups was maintained and the diversities were united without any problem. With the exit of the colonialists, things started falling apart resulting in marginalisation and ethnic conflict thus adversely effecting the development of the budding nation. Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to meaningful development in Africa. The ethnic factor did not diminish with the advent of independence; rather, it became a yardstick for measuring contribution to the national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power and national resources and eventually resulted in the 30- month slaughter in the Nigerian civil war (1967 to 1970) which was anchored on ethnic rivalry. The history of present day Nigeria is rife with cases of ethno-religious conflicts. Since the annulment of the 1993 elections, there have been increased demands and counter-demands for marginalisa1ion by various ethnic groups in the country. Marginalisation stems from a peoples perception of their treatment in the allocation or distribution of power and resources. A classic example is made for the Ogoni, who despite having provided the nation with an estimated $30,000 million in oil revenues, their people had no pipe borne water or electricity, and lacked education, health and other social facilities: it is intolerable that one of the richest areas of Nigeria should wallow in abject poverty and destitution (Saro-Wiwa, 1992). In this light, the Ogoni ethnic group has concrete reasons to consider itself marginalised, especially since these facilities can be found in other ethno-regional areas of Nigeria. 1. 5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study is to 1. Investigate the role ethnicity plays in the socio-economic development of Nigeria. 2. Assess the impact of ethnicity on present day Nigeria 3. Examine the effect on day-to-day activities of Nigerians 1. 6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS i. Impact of ethnicity on social and economic development in Nigeria? ii. Role of colonialism in ethnic groups formation . 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the project envelops the influence of ethnicity in Nigeria’s social and economic development and its impact on present day Nigeria. 1. 8 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The importance of this study is made manifest in the form of understanding the role ethnic diversity plays in the development of a country, in this case Nigeria. 1. 9 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION ET HNICITY: Ethnicity in this study is referred to as an affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties or the interactions among members of many diverse groups ETHNIC GROUP: For the purpose of this study, an ethnic group is regarded as an informal interest group whose members are distinct from the members of other ethnic groups within the larger society because they share kinship, religious and linguistics ties SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: in this project, socio economic development is defined as a comprehensive process involved in improving social and economic conditions on individual and group empowerment, community, national and regional building.

PEST analysis, (Political) in the UK Speech or Presentation

PEST analysis, (Political) in the UK - Speech or Presentation Example Individual making investment will be able to claim income tax reduction as an income tax relief. In the western world, the corporate tax rate in Britain is believed to become one of the lowest tax rates. Corporate tax rate has been dropping from 34% in 1990 to 24% in 2013 (Neville 2013). The introduction of new tax relief will lead to further reduction from 24% in 2013 to 21% in 2014. The second political factor is labour law. Currently the UK government have introduced regulations that will implement key changes to the obligations of redundancy collective consultation. This was approved in 6th April, 2014 and there would be publication of new Acas guidance for handling redundancy consultation (lorber & Novitz 2012). The third one is the environmental law. There have been implementations on environment regulations known as extended producer responsibility. These regulations are derived from European legislation and ensure that producers of particular products take full responsibility of reprocessing, recycling, and finance treatment of these items. The other political factor is trade restrictions which are inform of sanctions in the UK. The Sanction measures that have been applied include arms embargoes and several other trade control restrictions. Arms embargoes prohibit exportation of dual-use-items-goods and weaponry which have both military and civil use (Kenner 2011). The last political factor is technology. According to internet economy of UK, internet has allowed access to any information transforming life in UK. Technology use in UK has increase dramatically as evident in the use of smart phones. The rapid growth in tables, data â€Å"dongles†, and smart phone has enabled users to perform a lot of task both at home and in the office (Kenner 2011). The use of smart phone has doubled between 2008 and 2010 as shown

The Correctional System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Correctional System - Case Study Example The way prisoners were treated across the eras varies widely. "Criminal excesses of the 1920’s to 1930’s hardened the public’s attitude†¦J. Edgar Hoover†¦pushed for the now famous (or infamous) super maximum Alcatraz, which soon showed itself to be to expensive to run and maintain† (â€Å"Prison,† 2010, p. 1). Alcatraz was a maximum security prison on an island which is infamous for having housed many bitter and hardened criminals. The idea was that it was on an island so no one was able to leave. Alcatraz was one of the toughest prisons from which one could escape because, basically the security system was so complex. Not only that, but somehow, after having escaped from the prison itself, one would have to then get off the island. This required exceptional thought and planning. There were a few, and prisoners did escape from Alcatraz, although it was difficult. To contrast, in the 1800’s, â€Å"The convicted were not stripped of t heir belongings like in today's prisons, but they were searched for weapons or objects that could be used to escape†¦Many times the prisoners died of starvation and dehydration† (â€Å"Prison Life,† 2010, p. 1). In contrast, the prisoners of today are strip-searched and told that all their belongings must be put in a holding bin. These belongings are kept for the person until they are released from jail. Also, prisoners began to be treated better starting in the 20th century, and it increasingly got better from there on out. In the 1800’s. In the 1800's, as stated, prisoners were left to die in many cases, barely being given enough food on which they could sustain themselves. However, with the advent of psychiatric units and such, prisoners began to be regarded as people which were not lost causes to be put in a room and then allow someone to throw away the key. Rather, a more humanistic perspective was taken on in the mid-20th century in order to make the correctional system that we have today, where people are seen as being able to be rehabilitated instead of simply jailed. III. Secure Holding and/or Monitoring of Offenders The main difference in holding facilities between 1800 and 2000 is the fact that they simply got better. Living conditions improved over time for the inmate as time wore on. After awhile it was realized that prisoners couldn't just be allowed to languish in dirty, disorganized cells with dirt floors and a bench for a bed. People took note that prisoners were people too, and that they deserved a certain standard of living, however menial. IV. Alternatives to Incarceration Alternatives to incarceration involved being put in a chain gang in the early days (1800's till the 1950's). Although chain gangs can be seen today in the 21st century, usually those are for community service projects and are not as common. However,

Critical point Essay Example for Free

Critical point Essay Furthermore, its peculiar characteristics were also likened and even attributed to the psychological condition known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), because it assumes and behaves in two distinct phases, occurring as a high-density liquid or as a low-density liquid which was then normally thought to be quite impossible theoretically. The idea that water remains in liquid form even if it is in its super-cooled state when subjected to temperatures well below its ordinary freezing point (Introduction section, para.3-4), can then have a strong memory recall. Finally, simile was also used in the discussion of the â€Å"critical point. † A â€Å"critical point† was defined as the â€Å"set of pressures and temperatures at which a liquid changes from one form to the other† (Terms of Confinement section, para. 17). The critical point of water, or any other substance for that matter, was compared to the summit of the Mount Everest that â€Å"rises in a gradual manner and distorts the terrain all around it (Gaidos as cited in Stanley, Just a Phase section, para.6-8). † The interplay of logos and pathos, from which the blueprint of the author’s ideas was contained, was explored further in the way the article was outlined. It was divided into five parts, and with the exemption of the introductory paragraphs, contained four subheadings. The general idea was developed first before setting out to a detailed discussion. The title was catchy, as well as the subheadings and used colloquial speech to acquaint the readers to concepts that may be unfamiliar to them. This functioned as an expedient for logical arrangement, but more importantly, it meant to capture and retain the reader’s attention. The subheadings seemed to serve as an advertising ploy, operating on the stratagem of bite-sized packaging, to give the reader an impression of venturing in an uncomplicated, easy reading. For what could be the purpose of a piece of writing that supersedes the aim to persuade, inform or entertain other than to keep the reader reading. Persuasion, information, and entertainment work best when and if the author manages to contain the reader, from the first to the last paragraph of his/her work. In the course of the exposition, however, the use of scientific jargon and a technical writing style was more or less retained. The introductory paragraphs provided an overview of the article and the author began by discussing the properties of water, explaining how its molecules behave and how growing evidence reveal peculiarities in its nature. The succeeding paragraphs under the different subheadings elaborated on these matters citing the statements made and the experiments performed by noted physicists and scientists. In the last subheading, the article drew emphasis on the practical benefits posed by the integrated findings and hinted at exposing another set of data in the future that would add up to already established yet still growing collection of evidences. The shift allowed the article to maintain a credible tone and avoid appearing watered-down or downgrading to oversimplification. It was an effective synthesis of technical and informal language in journalistic writing, which proved useful in the sense that balance was made possible to be achieved in the logos and pathos aspects of the writing. The author was able to anticipate the needs of its targeted audience by giving them accessible grasp to scientific information, whereas not falling short on educating on a considerably theoretical viewpoint. Taken as a whole, to those who are rational enough to acknowledge that these discoveries were just products of scientific inquiry, this article might be seen on a neutral ground. The article was, for the most part, informative and there was no significant amount of persuasion leaning to any kind of ideology involved. It would leave the reader to extract any implication it might set forth during and after the course of reading and therefore enabling the reader to think for his own. Whatever the case may be, the author of the article cannot have the power to dictate how the readers may think, however unbiased or unprejudiced she may be in presenting the article. It is inherent in the topic itself to stir up ideologies, whether they are complementary or conflicting. On one hand, the facts that were cited in the article concerning the importance of the so-called weirdness of water in the environment and the ecosystem, even though, it may not be the similar case for everyone, might implicitly induce a real life pondering of thoughts among those who believe in why and how the water was created as such by their own notion of the Creator. This may have the capacity to strengthen people’s beliefs into considering that everything is really in the proper alignment and that everything is working perfectly however peculiar some things behave in the lens of scientific investigation. When a belief or even just an extension of that belief was affirmed by, in this case, research or scientific evidence, the tendency of the reader who in this sense is also the believer is to embrace that new piece of information and even so, when this information was delivered using simple words in a logical manner. On the other side of the coin, the emphasis the author placed pertaining to conducting further experimentations and intensive laboratory researches in the latter part of the article might also be alarming to some who might see it as man’s way taking control over nature and playing the role of a god. References: Gaidos, Susan (2008). Supercool, and Strange. In Science News Online. Retrieved January 26, 2008, from http://www. sciencenews. org/articles/20080126/bob9. asp

Effect of temperature on raction rate :: essays research papers

Effect of temperature on RXN rate Factors affecting rate of reaction: Surface area – as we increase surface area, we increase the reaction rate. The more the collisions the faster the reaction. Concentration – as we increase concentration we increase the reaction rate. In reaction with between gases, increasing the pressure, increase the reaction rate. Temperature –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  as we increase the temperature, we increase the reaction rate. Raising the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time, and makes it more likely that collision results in a reaction. Catalyst -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  catalyst is a substance, which speed up a chemical reaction. At the end of the reaction the catalyst is chemically unchanged. Aim: Effect of temperature on rate of reaction. Hypothesis: I predict that the rate of reaction will increase in speed by increasing the temperature, because Raising the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time, and makes it more likely that collision results in a reaction. Apparatus required: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 conical flasks 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An amount of HCl 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An amount of Na2S2O3 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Timer (stop-watch) 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tile with a mark (X) on it 6)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 measuring cylinders 7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 empty beaker Procedure: 2-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Use 20cm3 of water with 30cm3 of HCl 3-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Add the solution to 30cm3 of Na2S2O3 4-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put a conical flask on a tile with a mark (X) on it. 5-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put the first solution in the flask. 6-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Put the flask in a water bath at a controlled temperature of 30 ºC. 7-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Quickly add the second solution and start timing 8-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stop timing when you can no longer see the mark (X) on the tile. 9-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat steps 1 to 4 but using a different temperature each time. 10-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final time use the same amount but at 70 ºC. Fair test: Changing Variable:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperature ( ºC) Constant Variables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amount, and concentration of HCl, and Na2S2O3 Results:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Temperature/ ºC  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time/sec 20  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  28 25  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  27 30  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 40  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 45  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion: From my results I have concluded that temperature has a great affect on the reaction rate of HCl and Na2S2O3, because as we see from he graph the slope is increasing gradually, this is because increasing the temperature makes particles collide more often in a certain time and makes it more likely that a collision will result in a reaction. Because there are more effective collisions, temperature has a great affect on reaction rate, if you raise the temperature by 10 ºC the time will decrease by nearly 6 seconds indicating the increase in speed of the reaction.

Osmosis: Potato and Blackcurrant Squash

In biology, osmosis Is defined as the diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water molecules) across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. Osmosis Is of great importance In biological processes where the solvent Is water. The transport of water and other molecules across biological membranes is ssential to many processes In living organisms.The pressure exerted by the molecules of the solvent on the membrane they pass through is called osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is the energy driving osmosis and is important for living organisms because It allows water and nutrients dissolved in water to pass through cell membranes. There are three types of condition that Involves osmosis which Is hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. In a hypotonic solution, the water will move into the cell due to the outside of the cell having a lower solute concentration than the inside of the ell.When an animal cell Is placed In a hypotonic surrounding (lower solute concentration), the water molecules will move into the cell causing the cell to burst and haemolysed. When plant cell Is placed In a hypotonic solution, water molecules diffuse into the cell and the plant cells remain turgid because the cell wall prevents bursting. In a hypertonic solution, water will move outside of the cell due to the outside of the cell is having a higher solute concentration than the Inside of the cell.When an animal cell, a red blood cells is exposed to a hypertonic surrounding (higher olute concentration) the water will leave the cell causing the cell to shrink and it Is said to undergoes crenation. If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic surrounding, the cell wall cannot prevent the cell from losing water as the water moves out from the cells. It results in cell shrinking, plasmolysis occurs (cell becoming flaccid), In an isotonic solution, there is no net movement of water as the interior and exterior environment of the cell Is having the same solute concentration.RESEARCH QUESTION: How does the dfferent concentration of blackcurrant squash solution affects the ercentage change in mass of chipped potatoes after being immersed in solution for 15 minutes? HYPOTHESIS: The higher the concentration of blackcurrant squash solution, the lower the concentration of the solution getting bigger, water inside of the cells will move outside the cell and this is called hypertonic. The movement of water diffuse out of the cell causes the size of the potato to decrease and shrinking in size to crenate.VARIABLES: TYPE OF VARIABLES VARIABLES UNIT WAYS TO CONTROL INDEPENDENT Concentration of blackcurrant squash solution Use different concentration of blackcurrant squash solution which is 0%, 20%, 40%, 0%, and 100%. DEPENDENT Percentage change in mass of chipped potatoes Weigh the potato using a weighing balance to get the initial mass. Then, immersed the potatoes in the different concentration of the solution for 15 minutes. Find the final mass to get the average mass. Calculate the percentage using the formula: XIOO% CONTROLLED 1 . Volume of solution cm3 Use 30 cm3 of solution for each boiling tube measured by measuring cylinder. . Type of potato Use the same type of potato 3. Time taken to immersed the potato in the solution min Fixed the time taken for the potato to be immersed in the solution as 15 minutes by sing a stopwatch. 4. Temperature Conduct the experiment in the same room using a thermometer. 5. Initial length of the potato chips cm each. Table 1: Table of variables and method to controls it. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS: MATERIALS APPARATUS 1. Blackcurrant squash at a concentration of 556 g dm-3 , 100 cm3 2. Distilled water, 100 crn3 3. Large baking potatoes 1. Boiling tube, 6 2. White tile, 6 3.Ruler, 1 4. Scalpel, 1 5. Measuring cylinder, 50 cm3 6. Cork borers, 1 7. Weighing balance, 1 Table 2: Table of Materials and Apparatus METHODOLOGY: PROCEDURE: 1. boiling tube is prepared and labelled as A, B, C, D, E and F. 2. 30 cm3 of distilled water is measured using a measuring cylinder and poured into test tube A. For test tube A, volume of blackcurrant squash is O cm3. For the rest of other test tubes, the volume of blackcurrant squash and volume of distilled water is measured as shown in column 4 and 5 in the table respectively using a measuring cylinder. 3.The potato is cut up using a cork borer making it into small pieces to fit in the boiling tube. The potato skin is cut off and trimmed. 4. The potato chips are dried on a towel paper. . The potato chips are weighed using a weighing balance and the mass is recorded in a table as initial mass. 6. The chips are placed in the blackcurrant squash solution and leave it for 15 minutes. 7. Make sure the solution covered the chips completely so that the process of osmosis can occur efficiently. 8. After 15 minutes, the chips are taken out and dried using a paper towel. 9.The potato chips are weighed using a weighing ba lance and the final mass is recorded in a table. 10. The change in mass of potato chips and the percentage change in mass of potato chips are calculated. 11. Steps 2 – 10 are repeated 3 times. 12. The graph of concentration of blackcurrant squash solution against percentage change in mass is plotted.Graph above shows that as the concentration of the solution increases, the percentage change in mass of the potato will decreases. This is because at the highest concentration, less amount of water is present in the solution than the concentration of the sucrose. Based on the raph above, we can see that the graph of concentration of blackcurrant squash solution against percentages changes in mass is inversely proportional to each other. The percentage change in mass is constant throughout the experiment as the slope or the steepness of the graph wasn't extreme and it decreases in a consistent manner. 3.At 0%, the percentage change in mass is in a positive value showing a hypotonic condition but as the concentration increases to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%, the percentage change in mass has become a negative value. This shows that it is in a hypertonic condition. 4. As we can see on the graph, at 0% the lowest concentration it gives the highest value of percentage change in mass of 7. 60%. In this situation, hypotonic occurs as the concentration of water outside the potato chips is higher than inside the cell. Hypotonic solution is a solution with a lower solute concentration but high water concentration.This causes the movement of water to diffuse into the sap of potato cells following the concentration gradient. The rate of water moves inside the cell is higher than the water moves outside the cell and this result to the increase of size of the potato. The potato cell had become turgid and firm. 5. While, at the highest concentration 100%, the percentage change in mass is -33. 30 is the lowest value. In this situation, the potato cells are in hypertonic sol ution which is a solution with a higher solute concentration but lower concentration of water.Thus, water will move outside of the cell to the solution following the concentration gradient. The rate of water moves outside the cell is higher than the water moves inside the cell. As a result, the cell shrinks in sizes and become plasmolysed due to the water loss inside the cell. 6. At 20%, the graph loping downwards is showing a negative percentage changes in mass due to the difference than the 0%. But at 40%, the difference of percentage change in mass is bigger than the previous one with a value of -23. 20%.This is because as the concentration is getting higher, the water will moves out more than it will moves into the cells. At 60%, the percentage change in mass is -28. 00%. At 80%, the value is -31. 40% and the difference with 100% is quite small. 7. The standard deviation is calculated and it is shown in the graph as error bars. The error bars in the graph is small and cannot be seen clearly. Based on the results, he error bars show that the data that had been collected is reliable as it is very small and it indicates less variable and closer to the mean.The smaller the error bars gives you the more reliable data and accurate results. Limitation and Suggestions LIMITATIONS SUGGESTIONS 1 . When we do the dilution for the solution, the blackcurrant squash and the distilled water might not mix well. The apparatus we used here is measuring cylinder which cannot be turn upside down to get the homogenous mixture. – Volumetric flask can be used to replace measuring cylinder as it is the best apparatus to get the accurate esult. It has the most fixed values and it definitely can be turned upside down in order to mix the solution well. . The initial length of potato chips to be cut before we put it into the solution is measured using a measuring cylinder. This could affect the result because measuring cylinder has a big uncertainty which is 0. 05cm. – Instead, we can use vernier calliper that has a smaller uncertainty which is 0. 01 cm. This could give better and accurate result. 3. The volume of blackcurrant squash solution is measured using a measuring cylinder that has a bigger uncertainty of 1. cm and this could affect the result to be less accurate. To improve the results obtained, burette is used to replaced measuring cylinder as it has much more smaller uncertainty of 0. 05cm 4. The time for the potatoes left to immerse in the solution is too short which is 15 minutes. Such a short time is not sufficient for the osmosis to occur efficiently. – The duration of time should be longer to get the most accurate values. The potatoes should be left in the solution for at least 30 minutes so that the process of osmosis could happen efficiently giving out the best results. 5.When the potato chips is taken out from the solution, it must be dabbed and dried by using a paper towel to remove any liquid from the surface before wei ghing it to get the final mass. But the process might not have done the same way for every potato chip as maybe more liquid is removed from one of the potato chips but not the other. – We should at least try to dry the potato chips using the same paper towel and dried it carefully so all the liquid is removed of the potato chips so as the result will came out better. 6. The excess potatoes skin which wasn't taken out properly could give a slightly less

Benefits of Conducting a Business Online Essay

What benefits do you think Knight Enterprises Ltd and their customers could gain from conducting their business online? An online presence for Knight Enterprises Ltd is a powerful marketing and communication tool, an incredible source of cost-efficiency, an environmentally friendly way to work, a sign of professionalism and pretty much a requirement today. Benefits for the organisation The first benefit identified that organisation have an advantage of from internet marketing is that is it cost effective – this is because using the marketing on the internet can reach a wide range of audience from one and businesses would not need to promote themselves over other marketing mediums that cost more than using the internet. Businesses based only online are able to make profits by saving money on promotions and also just being based online is another way of saving money as they do not need to pay for buildings (includes rent, bills etc). Knights Enterprises Ltd will also be able to save money which they use for other expanding business methods which can attract various customers. The organisation could benefit from an online presence because the opportunity is given to use social networking, emailing, their website, banner ads as their marketing strategy which is much cheaper and also easier than other marketing techniques that does not involve the internet. It is also cheaper to get more customer awareness for their business as their internet marketing (website, ads) can be seen all over the world and now their products will available for international customers as well as national. A website can be changed anytime, so businesses are able to update their online view anytime to stay with the latest trend etc. The business can constantly add more products to their collection and update their business. With internet marketing available the organisation is able to do this anytime making it cheaper and quicker. A forum can also be added to the website for customers where they can comment and give opinion and the organisation will reply to them instantly like an online conversation giving them the advantage of gaining customer awareness; attracting more customers; retaining their customers they have already and gaining their trust Two-Way Communicative Marketing The two way communication is second advantage of online business because they can get their feedback really quickly and also can improve their Customers service and products. Cheap Market Research Market research is information about consumers, competitors and the effectiveness of marketing programs. Small business owners use market research to determine the feasibility of a new business, test interest in new products or services, and improve aspects of their businesses. Improve credibility The website gives the organisation opportunity to tell potential customers what their company is all about and why customers should trust them have confidence when they use website. Growth Opportunity A website serves as a great place to refer potential investors to, to show them what your company is about, this will provided all the information about the company to the customers, how well the company is doing, in terms of profit, revenue total sales etc. We can also guess from their customer’s reply how much better they are than before. Awareness Internet marketing enables businesses to see and compare with other businesses and compete with them more easily. They can view how much customers they have whether they are female or male and can use this to segment their targeted audience and market their business and products in ways that suit their customers. 24/7 Presence One of the biggest advantage of online business is that they don’t have to worry about time because they are available 27/ 7 no risk of losing customer. The website can provide all the information that customers need can see the latest product been offered; it also saves people travel cost they can do shopping anytime with even thinking about day and night. They can gain more customers by this as customers that aren’t able to go to the shops in person at a certain time can access a business website anytime. Benefits for the customers Offer Convenience This is more convenient then going somewhere else to buy or find out something because it’s just one click of a button and all the information will come in front of the screen we need; it’s much better than ringing a company and waiting in the queue talking to or asking them about their product. Some customers prefer website rather than taking or travelling which is quicker and best service. 24/7 Shop One needs not to worry about the closing time of a store as it 24/7 online. They can whenever they feel like. Online business now meets people’s lifestyle. There is no need to worry about leaving work then popping into stores. People now have the opportunity to shop within the comfort of their own home. †¢People with disabilities or other special needs can stay at home and make orders. †¢Discounted prices and voucher savings.

Us Immigration 1880-1925 Essays

Us Immigration 1880-1925 Essays Us Immigration 1880-1925 Paper Us Immigration 1880-1925 Paper From the years 1880 to 1925, there was a rapid growth of immigrants coming into the United States. Many foreigners came to the United States in hope of striking it rich. The Immigrants saw the United States as a way to make a better life for themselves, and this started to cause problems. This is when the United States government took actions to control immigration. In the early 1880’s, immigration was gladly welcomed, but as time progressed, government saw it as a growing problem. After America’s Reconstruction era, immigrants from southern and eastern Europe began pouring into the United States in order to start a new life for themselves. The United States government welcomed these immigrants with open arms. Compared to their home country, the United States offered more freedoms to the immigrants. (Doc. A) When the immigrants would make a good sum of money, they would move back to their native country and take some American values with them. (Doc. B) These immigrants were known as â€Å"birds of passage†. Many American didn’t like this going on. Nativism grew throughout the 1890’s. American workers jobs were in jeopardy due to the amount of cheaper labor that businesses could get by hiring immigrants. (Doc A) These people were known to have xenophobia; a fright of people from other countries. In 1892, the National People’s Party claims that current immigration laws failed to protect American workers. (Doc. C) This was the beginning of attempts to get immigration limited. Over time, the federal American government began taking more action in immigration policies. In 1882, the federal government established the Chinese Exclusion Act. The American and Japanese governments worked together to discourage the emigration of the Japanese laboring class. (Doc. D) The federal government also closed off the flow of immigrants from Europe with the Emergency Quota Act of 1921. (Doc. H) What this did was limit the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3%. This was later limited by the Immigration Act of 1924 which limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States in 1890. Throughout the 1880 to 1925 period, immigration was seen as a great thing for America that eventually turned into a problem. The federal government gained more control over immigration policies as time passes by. At first, immigrants were welcomed to America with open arms. As problems with emigration began showing up, action had to take place. The federal government stood up to help protect the American people.

The Ultimate SAT Study Guide for SAT Prep

The Ultimate SAT Study Guide for SAT Prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips At PrepScholar, we've writtenthe largest set of high-quality SAT guides available, covering pretty much everything you need to know to improve your score on the SAT. They're all free and online, right here on our blog, and we think they beat any book you can purchase. This guide, our Ultimate SAT Prep Study Guide, combines our most important SAT guides on one page. If you master all of the concepts linked to on this page, use them in your own practice and studying, and stay motivated to work hard, you'll have an amazing shot at improving your SAT score. Essentially, you'll have a huge advantage over students who don't know this information and lack the motivation to employ it in their own studying. First we'll cover how to use this guide. We'll then go through, section by section, what's important for you to know. Here's an outline of what's coming next: How to Use This SAT Study Guide Intro to the SAT The Right Mindset for SAT Prep SAT Content and Strategies Overall SAT Test Strategy SAT Reading Prep Guides SAT Writing Prep Guides SAT Math Prep Guides SAT Essay Prep Guides SAT Logistics and Planning How to Use This SAT StudyGuide This guide contains the information we believe is most important for all students taking the SAT to know. It's ordered roughly in the sequence we recommend reading the articles in. This guide also serves as a launching point for further reading. Many of these links will direct you to pages with more links, and you should explore the resources we link to that you find helpful. There's a lot to read here, and you probably won't be able to do it all in one sitting. If you find this guide helpful, bookmark this page or email it to yourself to remind yourself to come back to it later. You'll notice as you read further that we cover a lot more than just test content, which is where most students tend to focus too much of their time. Rather, we also cover test strategy, mindset, behavior and motivation, and planning in the context of college admissions. If you're serious about improving your SAT score, you need a lot of information. It's not just about SAT test content- you also need to master test strategy so that you can apply your foundational knowledge to the specific format of the SAT. You need to have the right mindset as you approach the test and understand the perspective of the College Board, the SAT's creator. You need to stay motivated to be able to push through the dark days when you don't feel like doing SAT prep. You also need to consider what your college goals are, find an SAT score target that's right for you, and plan the logistics of taking the SAT. I encourage you to even read the guides about subjects you feel like you already know. In the worst case, you'll just spend 10 minutes refreshing important concepts. In the best case, you'll learn a new aspect of SAT prep that can have a big impact on how you study. Intro to the SAT If you're a beginner in SAT prep, it's important to understand the format of the SAT, what's tested, and how it works. This section will give you a strong foundation to help you understand the test more deeply. Complete Guide to the New SAT The SAT underwent a huge transformation in 2016, so it's important to know the basics about the test and its format. What kinds of sections are on it? What do questions look like? Start building your foundation here. What's Actually Tested on the SAT Reading Section? SAT Reading Skills What's Tested on the SAT Math Section? Topics and Practice What's Tested on the SAT Writing Section? Grammar and Questions Next, learn what's tested on each of the three sections on the SAT: Reading, Math, and Writing and Language. Each of these guides covers the format of the section, question types, and the skills you'll need to have to do well. How Is the SAT Scored? Scoring Charts You know that your SAT score will likely be an important part of college admissions. But how is the test graded to arrive at a final score out of 1600? What happens when you skip or miss questions? How is each section scored out of 800? Learn here in this guide. What Is the Average SAT Score? SAT Percentiles and Score Rankings It's good for you to get a sense of what SAT scores are considered good on a nationwide scale. These guides tell you the average SAT score overall and for each state, and your national percentile for your score. Is the ACT Easier Than the SAT? This is a common question. If you're trying to decide between focusing on the SAT or the ACT, it's important to understand exactly what the differences are and how to decide which test to take. Here's a clear breakdown of each test with strategies for figuring out the right test for you. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! The Right Mindset for SAT Prep What many students don't appreciate is that doing well on the SAT is as much about good planning and your mental mindset as it is about understanding the stuff that's actually tested. This section contains concepts that arecritical for all students to understand before they spend any timedoing even a single test question. Why Is the SAT Important for Your College Goals? You know that you need to take the SAT to get into college. But why do colleges actually care about the SAT? Couldn't they just use your grades and application to evaluate you? The SAT serves a critical function in college applications by comparing you on equal footing with the rest of the country. Learn more about how the SAT achieves that here. What Is a Good SAT Score? A Bad SAT Score? An Excellent SAT Score? This is a question on nearly every student's mind. You've likely heard from other students, your parents, or teachers about what a good SAT score is or isn't.If they've given you a specific number without any reasoning or logic behind it, they're dead wrong. The truth is, there's only one SAT target score that's good for you and your personal college goals. It's not what your friends think you should get, and it's not what your parents keep telling you to aim for. Figure out what your target SAT score should be in this guide. How to Beat Procrastination in Your SAT Prep A common problem in pretty much everyone's life is procrastination. We put off unpleasant tasks for later because we're pretty sure we'll get around to them - and watching YouTubevideos feels so much better right now. This is a huge problem for a lot of students and their SAT prep. Studying isn't nearly as fun as texting or Snapchatting, and the test seems so far away. It's often really hard to sit down for five hours a week and actually commit to working through problems and improving your SAT skills. So wewrote a practical guide to beating procrastination. You'll learn about why people procrastinate and how this problem applies to SAT prep, too. More importantly, we share specific strategies you can use to stop procrastinating in your test prep. How to Get a Perfect 1600 SAT Score, by a 2400 Expert Full Scorer If you're aiming for a high SAT score, this is a must-read guide. Even if you're aiming for any score above a 1200, I recommend reading this guide. I've gottenperfect scores on two versions of the SAT: back in 2004 when it was (originally) out of 1600, and later when it was out of 2400 (now the test is back to the 1600 scale!). My perfect scores didn't magically happen - they took a lot of hard work. In this perfect score guide, I've put every important concept that I believe you must understand to get a super high SAT score.This guide doesn't contain any actual test content; it's more about the mental game of understanding why your score is low, where your weaknesses lie, and strategizing focused attacks on your weaknesses to improve your score. SAT Content and Strategies By reading the guides above, you'll have a strong mental framework for understanding what the SAT is andhow you can do well on the test. Next comes the part where you'll be spending most of your time - mastering the concepts and skills tested on the SAT. Section by section, we'll go through the most important guides you need to read. Overall SAT Test Strategy The Best Way to Review Your Mistakes for the SAT A lot of driven students prep for the SAT by doing a ton of practice questions without any insight. They churn through practice tests mindlessly without reviewing their mistakes or understanding how to improve. Why? It feels great, and it feels like progress. This is a critical mistake - it's like pounding your head against the wall. If you don't do practice problems and review themwith the right perspective, you'll be wasting hours of your time. In this guide, we teach you how to use every mistake you make on the SAT to identify your weaknesses and improve your prep. Best SAT Prep Books 2018 Are you a self-studier who plans to study for the SAT using books alone? We've reviewed the best books currently available for SAT prep in this guide. We talk about the best books for overall studying and for each section, as well as books you should avoid. Even if you're being tutored or taking a prep class, this article is still useful to read to see if there's anything you can supplement your studying with. The Best SAT Prep Websites You Should Be Using If you prefer to study online, then this list is for you. It contains all the best SAT websites, from strategy guides, to study tips, to high-quality practice questions for all sections of the SAT. Websites are a great way to do some quick studying as well as a way to prep without needing to carry around a prep book. SAT Reading Prep Guides The #1 Critical, Fundamental Strategy of SAT Reading If there's only one guide you read for SAT Reading, make it this one. On SAT Reading, do you ever find yourself waffling between two or three answer choices that all seem plausible? Do you throw up your hands and just guess on one of them? Nearly all studentssuffer from this problem. That's because they don't understand the #1 critical rule about SAT Reading: every question has only one unambiguously correct answer, and every other answer is unambiguously wrong for specific reasons. In this guide, you'll learn this concept in detail and get strategies for identifying incorrect answers on SAT Reading questions. The UltimateStudy Guide for SAT Reading: Strategies, Tips, and Practice This guide contains everything you need to know about SAT Reading in one place. We cover every single question type, with custom strategies on how to attack each one. Every great SAT Reading prep guide we've created can be found on this page! The Best Way to Read the Passage in SAT Reading SAT Reading gives you passages and a bunch of questions about each passage. How you read passages and approach their questions (and in which order) dramatically affects how well you'll be able to answer the questions. Many students use ineffective strategies to attack these passages, costing them valuable time and points. Here, you'll learn our recommended approach to SAT Reading passages. The Best Way to Study SAT Vocab Words Vocabulary isn't a huge part of the SAT anymore, but you'll need to how to study it if you're aiming for a perfect or near-perfect Reading score. My strategy teaches you how to memorize SAT vocab words so that you use your prep time effectively. How to Improve Your SAT Reading Score: 8 Strategies Are you scoring below 600 on SAT Reading? The first thing you should do, then, is aim to break 600. The strategies you'll need to use are quite different from the ones you'd use if you were aiming for 800. For example, we recommend skipping harder questions to help you maximize your score in the short amount of time you have. How to Get 800 on SAT Reading: 11 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer Aiming for a high score on SAT Reading (above 600)? This guide covers everything you need to understand to give yourself a great shot at a perfect score. We teach you how to pinpoint your biggest weaknesses, give you strategies to fix them, and explain the mindset you'll need when practicing for SAT Reading. SAT Writing Prep Guides What Is SAT Writing and Language? 5 Tips to Excel SAT Writing tests grammar rules in a very strange way; it's not at all like the grammar tests you've taken throughout your schooling. Here, we discuss the unique style of the SAT Writing section and strategies you need to succeed in it. The Complete Guide to SAT Grammar Rules The core of SAT Writing is its grammar rules. Subject/verb agreement, pronoun usage, and writing style are all tested in this multiple-choice section. Read our extensive guide to learn every grammar rule you'll need to know for Writing. The Complete Prep Guide for SAT Writing: Grammar, Strategies, and Practice This guide contains everything else you need for SAT Writing, including detailed guides for every single grammar rule tested. We teach you expert strategies for attacking different question types, and give you tips on how to eliminate answers. We also offer our best advice on how to practice SAT Writing questions effectively. How to Improve Your SAT Writing Score: 8 Key Strategies Are you scoring in the 300-600 range on SAT Writing?The first thing you should do is reach 600. There are a few specific strategies you can use to raise your score quickly: learn and practice the most important grammar rules that appear, skip the hardest questions, and figure out how to pick the right answer. How to Get 800 on SAT Writing: 11 Strategies From a Perfect Scorer Aiming for a high score on SAT Writing(above 600)? This guide covers the core strategies you need to use as you aim for perfection. We'll cover how to learn every grammar rule to mastery, how to train your weaknesses in a focused way, and what it takes to get 800 on test day. SAT Math Prep Guides Heart of Algebra: Key Strategies for SAT Math 3 Key Strategies for SAT Passport to Advanced Math Problem Solving and Data Analysis: Key SAT Math Concepts SAT Math is divided into three main content types: Heart of Algebra, Passport to Advanced Math, and Problem Solving and Data Analysis. These guides not only give you an overview of the kinds of problems you can expect but also offer expert tips for attacking math questions effectively. The Complete Guide to SAT Math Word Problems Many students find word problems to be the trickiest problems on SAT Math, and since they make up about 25% of math questions, you need to know how to tackle them. This guide explains how to approach and simplify word problems so they're less intimidating and can be answered easily. The 28 Critical SAT Math Formulas You MUST Know To answer SAT Math questions both quickly and correctly, it really helps to know the important formulas you'll need for the test. Memorizing these 28 critical formulas and knowing how to apply them to new questions will not only empower you but also improve your Math score. The Ultimate SAT Math Prep Guide: Tips, Formulas, and Practice We've written a ton of content about SAT Math, and it's all available here in this guide. We cover every major math concept tested, from integers and rational numbers to advanced algebra and solid geometry. Read this guide to get the rundown of every critical idea you need to know for a great SAT Math score. 7 Most Common SAT Math Mistakes and How to Avoid Them Don't let little mistakes keep you from getting the SAT Math score you want on test day. In this guide, we go over the most common mistakes test takers make on the Math section, such as forgetting formulas and solving for the wrong value, and teach you how to avoid making them. How to Improve Low SAT Math Scores: 9 Strategies Are you scoring in the 300-600 range on SAT Math? This guide shows you how to think about the Math section correctly and how to apply test strategies to give yourself the best chance at improving. In particular, we discuss how to avoid getting bogged down by questions that are too hard for your level, and how to use your study time effectively. How to Get 800 on SAT Math, by a Perfect Scorer Aiming for a high score on SAT Math (above a 600)? You'll learn the key strategies you need to use to master every math concept tested and to analyze your mistakes. We also cover how to eliminate careless mistakes - a common problem for people aiming for those last points - and how to put yourself in the right mindset for a perfect score. SAT Essay Prep Guides Should I Take the SAT Essay? How to Decide The SAT Essay isoptional, raising an important question: should you take it or should you skip it? This guide goes over the most important factors to consider when deciding whether the essay is essential for your success. SAT Essay Prompts: The Complete List Knowing the kinds of prompts to expect from the SAT Essay can go a long way to helping you feel prepared to get a high score. In this guide, we've compiled a list of 11 official SAT essay prompts the College Board has released. It's the most comprehensive set of new SAT essay prompts available online, and reading through them will give you a better understanding of the types of prompts you can expect to see and what graders will be looking for. How to Write an SAT Essay, Step by Step With this expert guide, you'll learn the essay structure that the SAT expects and get specific tips on how to read the passage, organize your response, and use your time wisely. Follow all of the advice here and you're guaranteed a strong essay score. The Ultimate SAT Essay Study Guide: Tips and Review For a complete collection of all of our best and most important SAT Essay guides, definitely check out this link. We give you everything you need to know to get a high score on the essay, including a list of colleges that require the SAT Essay, actual essay prompts, and sample essays for a variety of prompts. SAT Essay Tips: 15 Ways to Improve Your Score Not scoring as highly as you'd like to on the SAT Essay? Then check out this guide. We give you the best tips you'll need to know, from developing a clear thesis to writing more than one page,to get at least a 6|6|6 essay on test day. How to Get a Perfect 8|8|8 SAT Essay Score Aiming for perfection on the SAT Essay? In this article, we reveal our best tips for scoring 8s on all three essay rubrics. Specifically, we explain how a 6 essay differs from an 8 essay, and give you an essential list of do's and don'ts to think about when writing your response. SAT Logistics and Planning A major part of doing well on the SAT is higher-level planning strategy. When should you take the SAT? How many times should you take it? How long should you study? These are all important points to consider when structuring your SAT prep time and preparing college applications. When Should You Take the SAT? Best Test Dates Planning out your SAT testing schedule is really important to doing well. If taking the SAT more than once (which we recommend), you'll need ample time to prep in-between test dates and hopefully improve your score. In this guide, you'll learn a solid SAT-test-date strategy that works well for most students. We'll also busta common myth about SAT test dates and curves. 2018 2019 Full Review of Every SAT Test Date Here's a list of every SAT test date available this school year, including registration deadlines and when you can expect to get your scores. We also cover the latest dates by which you can take the SAT for early admission and regular decision deadlines for colleges. How Long Should I Study for the SAT? 6-Step Guide This is a key question on most students' minds, and the answer is that it really depends on your personal goals, where you currently are in your prep, and your potential to improve. This guide breaks down what you need to understand to reach your SAT score target in a timely manner. Which Colleges Superscore the SAT? SAT Superscoring is the practice of combining your best section scores from different test dates to create a Superscore. (The College Board's technical term for this is "SAT Score Choice.") A lot of schools now allow it, which has huge implications for your test strategy. In short, the more times you take the SAT, the greater your chance of increasing your score will be. This guide gives you a list of all colleges that currently Superscore the SAT. Concluding Words Congratulations on making it to the end! By now, you should have clicked on at least a few of the dozens of guides listed here. Read them, see if you like the advice we give, and then use them as launching points to even more guides. You might not get through all of this information in one sitting, so bookmark this page or email it to yourself as a reminder to come back later. There's a lot to learn out there - that's the first step. The hard part that comes after, though, is actually applying the knowledge you've learned and putting it into action. It won't be easy, but it'll definitely be worthwhile for your future. Soldier on. What's Next? Need help with your SAT prep?Allow us to give you a hand. Our online, customizable SAT prep program supplies you with realistic SAT practice questions and targets your biggest weaknesses to help you achieve the scores you need for college. Taking the ACT instead of or in addition to the SAT?Then you'll benefit greatly by taking a look at our ultimate ACT guide. Like this guide, we give you tons of free links and resources so that you can have a successful test day! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: